The Role of International Law In The Development of The Concept of Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Explain and evaluate the role of International Law in the development of the concept of human rights. A. Introduction The need of co-operation and mutual development has lead the countries of the international community to create a legislative net which would have as basic task the regulation of the relationships between them. At a next level, the bodies that were created to handle these provisions and to supervise their application faced the problem of the absence of a suitable legal environment that could guarantee and protect their operation. The only solution seemed to be the extension of the law provisions that regulated the relationships between the States to these international bodies. In this way, the international law was constructed and came into force for every issue that presented elements of international character. We should notice that the international law is no longer restricted to the above described area, but it has been extended so that it can offer protection against criminal actions that are taken place against the humanity even if these actions are made by individuals. The judicial body that has the responsibility of this task is the International Criminal Court. Although the protection of the human rights has always been a priority – as declared – both to the nationals and the international law, there are certain circumstances under which the application of the law is becoming difficult and sometimes it is finally avoided. This is often explicated as a result of a ‘precautionary politic’ that is necessary in order to protect the human rights of the majority of residents of a state. One of the recent measures that have been applied towards this purpose is the detention of a person for reasons of safety of the public and with no relevant decision or order of a court. According to R.K.M. Smith (2005, p.240), the deprivation of a person’s liberty can only be acceptable when there are serious reasons that impose the detention as the only suitable measure. In any case, the whole procedure has to be done in accordance with the relevant legal provisions. There are also a series of human rights that are constantly threatened by the actions of states or individuals. Furthermore, there are a lot of cases that this threat has been developed into a violation due to the absence of specific authorities for such a task. The international bodies (authorized by the international law to manage its provisions and to guarantee the protection of the human rights for the international community) can only handle a small number of relevant reports based on the reports of the states on specific facts of violations (or threats) of human rights. The role of these bodies, although can be characterized as very important, is very limited and is being formulated under the pressures of the current economic and political powers. However, according to M. O’ Flaherty (2002, p.1-2) the reporting procedure to a non-governmental organization can help the State to clarify the problem (when constructi ng an analytical report for the case) and perhaps come to a solution without the interference of the NGO. In case that the State itself cannot resolve the problem, then it can report it to an international body and in this way it will have the support and the advice of a team of international experts. Although it seems that the difficulties following the application of the international law tend to grow in strength and number, the efforts of the international community have helped the creation of a legal basis for the protection of the human rights and, in some cases, have succeeded a satisfactory restoration of the damage caused by the rights’ violations. B. Legislation related with the protection of the human rights – national and international law In UK the basic legislation concerning the Human Rights protection is the Human Rights Act of 1998 whilst a lot of other Acts have been signed in order to cover specific problems related to the recognition and the protection of the above rights. According to article 2 of the Human Rights Act of 1998 ‘Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by the law’ (article 2, par.1). This article presents the general borders of the legislation aims and creates an obligation for the authorities and the individuals to respect a person’s life and existence. The articles that follow this fundamental provision are being addressed towards particular rights and freedoms of a person, like the right to liberty and security (article 5), the right to a fair trial (article 6), the right to respect for private and family life (article 8), the freedom of thought, conscience and religion (article 9), the freedom of expression (article 10), the freedom of assembly and association (article 11), the right to an effective remedy (article 13) and so on (see 1580 [2004], R (on the application of Trailer and Marina (Levin) Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and 1658 [2004], R (on the application of Clays Lane Housing Co-Operative Limited) v The Housing Corporation, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 1748 [2004], Malcolm v Benedict Mackenzie (A firm) and Another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division and 2866 [2004], W v Westminster City Council and Others, Queen’s Bench Division. There are also articles that do not offer a right but they impose a behaviour that have to be in accordance with the terms included in them. In this way, it is stated that the torture, the slavery and the forced labour are absolutely prohibited (articles 3, 4) whilst no punishment should take place without lawful authority (prerequisite for a punishment that the action made was recognized as a criminal one at the time that the crime was made, article 7). It is also stated that any discrimination and any restriction on political activity of aliens should be avoided (articles 14, 16). The above general Act has been interpreted and completed through other Acts that have been signed in order to provide sufficient protection of the rights in cases that are characterized by complexity and ambiguity. As an example we could mention the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which introduces alterations to the right of the liberty of a person as it is described by article 5 of the Convention for the Human Rights, by permitting the detention of a person in cases when the existing evidence is enough to create the suspicion of a behaviour that could be a threat for the lives of other people (for the public). The very important element, which is introduced with the above Act, is that the existence of a relevant Court decision is not necessary. Other amendments to the Human Rights Act of 1998 are contained in the following Acts: the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Appropriation Act 2005 and the Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 (see 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department). In the level of European Union, the basic legislation concerning the human rights is the European Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of 1948. The above convention has been amended by a series of protocols (no. 4, 6, 7, 11 and 12) and it presents the basic rules on which the national legislations of the member states should be adapted. The article 2 of the above Convention recognizes the right to life for every person and the following articles are covering the rest of the human rights’ areas of application, such as: the liberty (article 5), the private and family life (article 8), the thought, the conscience and the religion (article 9), the expression (article 10) and so on. Like the Human Rights Act of 1998 (UK) the European Convention, also imposes certain obligations regarding the application of the human rights, like the prohibition of torture (article 3), the prohibition of slavery and forced labour (article 4), the prohibition of discrimination (article 14), the prohibition of restrictions on political activity of aliens (article 16) and so on. The protocol No. 4 to the above Convention referred to specific areas of human rights, like the freedom of movement (article 2) and the right to keep the personal liberty in cases that there is a debt (prohibition of imprisonment for debt, article 1). The basic provision of the protocol No. 6 to the Convention is the abolition of the death penalty (article 1 of the protocol) whilst the protocol No. 7 to the Convention contained provisions that were related with the rights of a person facing a criminal punishment (articles 2-4) and with the private law character – rights of the spouses (article 5). A series of relevant decis ions have been published accordingly like: C-17/98, Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v. Aruba, C-112/98, Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG v. Commission of the European Communities, C-274/99, Bernard Connolly v. Commission of the European Communities and T-9/99, HFB Holding fur Fernwarmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH Co KG and Others v. Commission of the European Communities. In addition to the above provisions, the international community has actively participated in the protection of human rights by the creation of a legal environment that can guarantee the avoidance of extremely violations of the rights and an independent (to the measure that this is achievable) valuation of the problem in cases that are brought before the relevant Bodies through the states’ reports. C. Problems related with the recognition and the protection of Human Rights by the international law Human Rights are by their nature a sensitive and transparent element of a person’s life. Although t here are a lot of legislative work made for their protection, the scope and the objectives of the relevant provisions have not been fulfilled. The victims of the violations of the human rights are by fact the persons that present a weakness, physical, mental, of gender, of colour, of nationality or of other kind. The first to be violated are usually the children who although suffering are by nature unable to stand for their right. The person who is responsible for their protection has not, in many cases, the strength or the means to achieve such a task and the violation can continue for a long time. Smith A. (2004) examines the types of the offences that occur against the children and refers to specific problem that of the recruitment of children as soldiers. In her paper, she examines the legal aspects of the specific crime and presents the reasoning used by the Court to establish its decision in a specific case (Hinga Norman, 14/2004, Special Court for Siera Leone). After careful consideration, the Court decided that the recruitment of children to work of such a kind could attract individual criminal responsibility for the persons that were involved to this activity. On the other hand there are many reasons that could explain the difficulties that occur to the application of the international law provisions that are referring to the children.   Bhabha J. (2002) sees as a possible reason the general disadvantage of the children as a vulnerable and she argues that separated children can be accepted as an asylum seeker to a developed country but there are little guarantees for their safety at a next level. In a previous paper, Bhabha (Bhabha J., Young, W., 1999) had examined the conditions under which the children as unaccompanied asylum seekers are granted asylum according to the relevant U.S. guidelines. One of the most important development included in the new provisions, was the possibility of appointment of an individual as a guardian of a child until th e relevant process is being finished. Furthermore, the violation of women’s rights (especially of their human rights) is constant and extended in multiple levels. Ankenbrand (2002) examined the position women seeking asylum under the German Law. He present the claims of women that are found in this position and he come to the conclusion that although the revision of the existing law has been admitted as necessary from the relevant legal bodies, there is not a positive activity to that direction. The violation of the right of religion seems to have been extended and the main problem is that of the specific description of the conditions that constitute a ‘religious practice’. Musalo (2004) argues that the prosecution for reasons of religious beliefs cannot be clearly defined today which comes in contrast to the simplicity of the relevant terms that the 1951 Convention had adopted. A very important matter related to the protection of the human rights is tha t of the extension of the relevant provisions of the international law. McGoldrick (2004) accepts that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) should be characterized as the basic institutional body regarding the supervision on the application of the terms of the international treaties that have been signed for the human rights. As of the specific category of refugees, the protection of their rights in the interior of the States is guaranteed by the operation of special institutional bodies that are authorized to examine each case that is being reported to them and proceed to a solution in the legal frame that has been indicated from the law for the specific problems. As an example, Daley (K. Daley, N. Kelley, 2000) refers to the existing relevant bodies in Canada, which are the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), the Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD) and, of course, the higher courts of the state that have the jurisdiction to review the deci sions of the CRDD. The main problem related with the application of the international law in the area of human rights seems to be the extension of the phenomenon of violation of these rights. Due to the difficult and complex economic and political environment of many states around the world, the supervision of the application of the Human Rights’ provisions is usually impossible. The most common route for a problem to be put under examination and to be given a resolution is usually the report that a state submits regarding a specific fact of violation of rights. But the volume of work and the depth of the problem (which needs to be analyzed and examined in detail) prevent the permanent resolution of it and the solution that is been proposed to the state has usually a provisional character. D. Conclusion The recognition and the protection of the human rights have been the subject and the aim of a lot of legislative provisions both to the national and to the internatio nal area. The relevant laws have achieved to cover – at least from a scientific point of view – almost all the aspects of the problem. However, the weakness of the law – and mostly of the international one – seems to be the absence of stability regarding the procedures followed, the penalties that are imposed and the speed in providing a resolution at every case that is brought to the international institutional bodies. On the other hand, the existence of a series of authorities that are responsible for the application of the international law and their power to impose punishment when a violation occurs, create the image of a well-organized and powerful society, which can provide to its citizen the security and the protection they need to survey. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of International Law In The Development of The Concept of Human Rights" essay for you Create order

Man Is an Architect of His Own Fate - 1808 Words

There is a class of men who think that everything is pre-determined in life and, however much you may try, you cannot get out of that groove. So even your best efforts cannot yield more gains than those God has already settled for you, for fate rules supreme. Even great Shakespeare had said – there is a divinity that shapes our will. Man cannot change this fortune. What is lotted cannot be blotted or avoided. But there is another school of opinion, that is more reasonable in this age of science, that a man has powers and parts to build his own career. The efforts of a resolute and steadfast worker are sure to be crowned will success in the long run. If the students who get plucked once discontinues his effort with the belief that it is his†¦show more content†¦The unfortunate voters who have not much discriminating power as victimized by the chain of modern civilizing process become subjected to the plundering process of the political heads in the matter of their hearth and home. These unfortunate people being too much harrassed by governmental taxes and famine, are forced to accept cotton and potato or other leaves as foodstuff. They become forced to accept meat and flesh instead of grains and vegetables and they are obliged to assimilate hydrogenated injurious oil in place milk and ghee. By such eating process they are attacked with cholera, typhoid, dysentry and tuberculosis to meet an end of miserable life. They are subjected to the pangs of winter and summer, rains and sun besides hunger, thirst, disappointment, frustration. Thus they have to make a sad end of life by over anxiety due to all round scarcity. That is the sum and substance of the advancement of material civilization. Undoubtedly we have produced by dint of advancement of having the motors, the radios, the cinemas, the railways, the airways, the (? ), the medicines, the toilets, the big buildings, the big mills, agricultural implements, big offices, (?), hodgepodge philosophers, industrialists, poets, scientists, politicians, iron men, statesmen and what not but the net result is no food, no clothing, no shelter, no peace. Will any thinking and sober man with any sense of humanShow MoreRelatedCharacter Is Fate1490 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter is Fate – Essay â€Å"A man’s character is his fate† once said the Greek philosopher Heraclites. By this he meant that our personalities and actions shape the outcomes of our lives and therefore our destiny. This statement opposes the traditional view that man’s fate is determined by an external force (name it god or even chance). This argument is basically one of faith: do you believe we shape our own futures by how we act, or are our lives programmed in a certain unchangeable way? In otherRead More 12 Angry Men Essays1459 Words   |  6 Pagesmovie by far is the Architect in the White Suit. Right off from the beginning at the original vote the Architect stated clearly his position in the matter. Against the rest of the group he strongly held his ground and fought for what he believed. Most people in his position would have changed their opinion immediately after realizing that he was completely outnumbered. However he continued to argue his points and reiterate the reasons w hy â€Å"evidence† needed to be questioned. His mind was simply brilliantRead MoreLiterary Analysis Essay811 Words   |  4 Pageshappily ever after. In fact, all protagonists’ fate is decided by the narrator’s hand. Just like the literary works we have recently read, including the poems â€Å"Sunday Greens† by Rita Dove, â€Å"Sinful City† by Jaroslav Seifert and the excerpt from Like Water for Chocolate from Laura Esquivel, the characters’ fate was sealed from that moment. Therefore, the most relevant theme through three works is that fate is for those too weak to determine their own destiny. We are fated, since everything has alreadyRead MoreShakespeares King Lear and Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1063 Words   |  4 PagesA German Proverb once stated that, â€Å"Every man is the architect of his own fortune.† In expressing his opinion that people have more control over their fate than their fate does over them, this proverb was mistaken. Contrary to what the Proverb espoused, the cruelty of the world and the harsh reality of blind fortune have much more to do with what happens to a person than what actions they take, and good actions cannot guarantee good fortune. The inaccuracy of this quote can be proven in looking atRead MoreEssay about Influencing an Entire Crowd in 12 Angry Men1021 Words   |  5 Pagesthe twelve jurors. This is an example of small group communications. The juror that was the Architect in the suit was probably the strongest leader in the group. (12 angry men, 1957). Before the twelve jurors started to deliberate they were all very nice to each other. Then when they started to talk about the trial they all where ready to convict the boy. From the beginning the Architect was not convinced that the boy was guilty. When a group has trouble communicating they sometimes willRead MoreExistentialism And Akhilleus : State Of Affairs1182 Words   |  5 Pagesstrength and agility that surpasses all humans. His mother is a sea goddess named Thetis. When he was an infant she dipped him in the river Styx, which separates the underworld from the Earth. Akhilleus receives enhanced capabilities from the river that include agility, strength, and keenness. When Thetis dipped him in the river she held him by his foot and dipped his whole body in, excluding his foot. Not dipping his foot ultimately ends up being his weakness and demise. In Gre ek mythology, humansRead MoreThe Topic Of Fate Of Ancient Greece During The Golden Age1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Topic of Fate in Ancient Greece During the Golden Age The Golden Age of Athens started with the final defeat of Persia in 479 B.C. and the formation of the Delian League in 478 B.C. With the defeat of Persia came a period of prosperity for Athens, a time of great political advancements and many reforms to daily life. Around 461 B.C., a former general named Perikles became the dominant politician of Athens. During his reign (461-429 B.C.) he made Athens a strong and imperialistic city-stateRead MoreEssay about Oedipus the King1183 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus the King Oedipus the King is the perfect example of a tragedy. It contains a complete combination of all the features of a tragedy. Aristotle in his Poetics[1] defines Oedipus as being a definite example of the form and purpose of tragedy. In tragedies the Greeks dramatized climactic events in the lives of heroes, and Oedipus story is no exception. By using many different literary devices it brings moral dilemmas of action and motive to the public stage. The action is set outRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1242 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare expanded them to include the themes, motifs and gothic elements relevant during his time. Shakespeare wrote these plays for more than entertaining; he attempted to transcend universal themes and messages that still resonate with audiences today. One of these plays was Macbeth, a tragedy that voices the ambition of a young, kind and righteous man and how it ultimately leads to his downfall and destruction. Shakespeare incorporates into this tragedy a couple of gothic elements thatRead MoreOedipus the King an Aristotle’s Tragedy Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus The King The Greek drama Oedipus is clearly a Aristotle’s tragedy. It definitely meets the five main criteria for a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw, a hero‘s downfall, a moment of remorse, and a catharsis. Aristotle in his Poetics defines Oedipus as being a definite example of the form and purpose of Aristotelian tragedy. In tragedies the Greeks dramatized climactic events in the lives of heroes, and Oedipus story is no different. By using many different literary devices

Sustainability Strategy and Development

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Strategy and Development. Answer: Introduction There was a time when sustainable development was considered as a support function or a secondary function in the organization. However, with time, organizations realized the importance of this function. Today, CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility is considered as an important business function and it is considered that the focus on CSR would enable organizations to have better profits and revenue. The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyze the benefits of sustainability initiatives for Saudi Arabian Airlines. The company is commonly known as Saudia. It is the flag carrier airline of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah It is correct that the focus towards sustainability, green measures and CSR are often started as regulatory measures. However, there are organizations like Saudia that are able to take sustainable measures and tactics as part of their core business function. The basic philosophy of sustainable development for Saudia can be shown as: For Saudia, the journey towards the sustainability started with a vision and government regulation. The good thing with Saudia is that it was quick to react to government regulations. The company created a culture where sustainability matters to its stakeholders. The key for sustainable development at Saudia is an integrated approach towards all the business functions. The management ensures that all the functions of the organizations are able to share the information. Cummings Worley (2009) argued that an organization grows the need of sustainability increases. When the company started its operations in 1945, the focus was on profitability and revenue. However, with time the management understood the importance of sustainable business practices. Today, the company ensures that sustainable business practices are an integral part of its business level strategies. The focus on sustainable business practices ensures that organizations can overcome all these threats. The Management of S audia realizes that it must take all the stakeholders together to achieve the vision of sustainability. The management ensures that the strategies and policies of sustainability should also be communicated to external stakeholders like customers. Over time, as a business stabilizes, organizational leaders often focus on effectiveness and efficiency and take a conservative approach to decision-making in the area of sustainability. The management believes that stakeholders support is must to make a difference in the business. It is believed that the focus on sustainable business practices is more in the maturity stage as compared to other stages of organizational development. It is important Saudia should continue to change and revamp its policies towards sustainable development. The policies and strategies around sustainable development should be flexible enough to change with industry forces. According to Miller and Friesens stages Saudia has passed its maturity stage and its movement to return to the company's "entrepreneurial roots" represents its attempts to emerge from the fourth stage, which is the revival stage. According to Phan, Baird, and Blair (2013) in the revival stage business units face a more dynamic environment than maturity stage units, and pursue innovation and product diversification in an attempt to reinvigorate the unit (p. 791). Activity based practices are reliant upon for decision making because there is a high level of reliance on the success of new product lines to ensure the s ustainability of the business units (Phan, Baird, Blair, 2013). With the marketplace competition Saudia is vulnerable to entering the fifth stage, which is the decline stage where business units are highly centralized, have no real strategy, and consider minimal amounts of information when making decisions (p. 791). The approach taken by the organization towards sustainability can be highlighted as: Ceschin (2014) suggests sustainability requires radical innovations (P. 1) necessitating the need to focus on the product, production and services. Moreover, Ceschin (2014) suggest that sustainability should be practiced as an inside-out policy. It means that internal stakeholders should initiate the workings around the sustainable development policies and the same should be communicated to external stakeholders. It seems that Saudia may have to revisit the vision and become more innovative and become agents of change. In order for this to take place they are going to learn how the design of socio-technical experiments can enable radical changes for sustainability (Ceschin, 2014) To my understanding the companys profits have stabilized, which is keeping Dell in business. The large organizations like Saudia can have real benefits of sustainable only when their supply chain is sustainable. Supply chain management systems have realized the benefits of a closed systems approach and the approach of closes system approach is the path towards sustainable development. According to Sahamie, Stindt, and Nuss (2013), the closed-loop supply chain management is a major contributor to implementing sustainable operations (p. 245). According to Carnrite (n.d.) the closed loop management system comprises five stages, which contribute to the success of a closed system. The first stage is discovery which focuses on the identification of the organizations internal tools and procedures and strategic concepts such as identifying core capabilities, defining the mission, vision and values, and conducting a competitor analysis (Carnrite, n.d.). The second stage is modeling which uses the information from the discovery phase and defines strategic objectives and initiatives (C arnrite, n.d.). The third stage is deployment, which links the strategy to operations (Carnrite, n.d.). The fourth stage is monitoring which is an ongoing evaluation of the organizational data for which the strategic objectives and initiatives were defined (Carnrite, n.d.). The fifth stage is optimization in which teams optimize a key component of the loop (Carnrite, n.d.). Based on the five stages the challenge to the supply chain management system is the reliance on people, process, and strategy, without ongoing consideration of the external environment. Saudia have been using the open system theory as a path towards the sustainable development. The open system theory for sustainability and sustainable development advocates that the sustainable policy of organizations should be open and transparent (Cummings Worley, 2009). It is believed that organizations that strive for efficiency or control may succeed with a mechanical approach. An open systems approach would not be a fit for an organization whose primary goals are efficiency or control. The success of the system and optimum operational system is contextual issues. The question brings to mind the clich "it depends." It is expected that Saudi Airline would continue to evolve as one of the preferred airline in kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The management of the company believes that it would be a source of inspiration for other companies in kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Conclusion The above paper discussed the sustainable development and sustainable strategy for Saudi Airlines. Some organizations become complacent and fail to change with the changing times. They remain closed and mechanistic, when an open, more organic structure would benefit them. Many organizations may not have taken a closer look at the alternative to a sustainable development approach to organizational development and growth. They function and have survived relying only on the organizational development approach that is and has been working for them over periods of time. The issue with this is that those same organizations may have missed a window of opportunity to becoming even greater, relative to organizational development, by taking into consideration the specific (suppliers, distributors, government organizations, competition, etc.) and general (laws, politics, cultural values, technology, etc.) environments at all times. Organizational development and the approaches used must be asse ssed and monitored to find out if room for continuous improvement exists. The above paper discusses the impact of sustainability initiatives and sustainable development on Saudia. The management of the company realizes that sustainability cannot be practiced as a silo business functions. Its true benefits could be realized only when organizations works with government. This is the reason that the organizations has been working with the government of various nations to craft a global sustainable vision. For the true benefits of sustainable development, a collaborative effort is need from all business functions. Coordinating efforts of finance and operations will result in effective management and decision-making. It will allow Saudi airlines to sustain financial stability and growth. It will allow Saudia to manage the amount of flights to maintain customer service and be aligned with the organizations goals and mission. It is essential and fundamentally sound for collaboration among business functions to the success of the sustainability plan. References Auzair, S. (2010). Organisational life cycle stages and management control systems in service organisations. International Journal Of Business and Management, 5(11), 56-65. Carnrite, J. (n.d.). Closed loop management system: Definition theory [Online post]. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/closed-loop-management-system-definition-theory-quiz.html Ceschin, F. (2014). How the design of socio-technical experiments can enable radical changes for sustainability International Journal of Design 8(3) 1-21. Cummings, T. G. Worley, C. G. (2009). Organizational Development Change. Mason, OH: South-Western. Phan, N.T., Biard, K., Blair, B. (2014). The use and success of activity-based management practices at different organizational life cycle stages. International Journal Of Production Research, 52(3), 787-803. Sahamie, R., Stindt, D., Nuss, C. (2013). Transdisciplinary research in sustainable operations - an application to closed-loop supply chains. Business Strategy and the Environment 22(4), 245-268

Feminine Gospels Essay Essay Example

Feminine Gospels Essay Paper How far do you hold with the position that ‘Feminine Gospels is nil but â€Å"Feminist Propaganda? ? ? † ’ In reply refer to 2 verse forms in item. Talk about Title. The Virgins Memo. The adult female who shopped Feminism has been around since the 1910 with purpose and intent. Since so the motion gained impulse and created a 2nd and 3rd motion which have gained acknowledgment in history and still today there are existent womens rightists who kept true to the original feminist motion. However since so have attracted the attending of wannabe’s and females who have been misinformed of what feminism is. are eager to fall in some kind of cause to let females to be treated as â€Å"equals† to their male opposite numbers. Carol Ann Duffy has created a broad scope of books turn toing the literature universe of feminism non merely that is she hailed one of the greatest Feminist writers however I agree slightly with the statement that her book Feminine Gospels which she published in 2002 has a batch of feminist propaganda. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminine Gospels Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Feminine Gospels Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Feminine Gospels Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Virgin’s memo is a typical illustration of feminine propaganda as it’s a verse form of the Virgin Mary go forthing a post-state message for her boy Jesus. who harmonizing to the Bible was the boy of God. We can see this as in the 2nd line she says â€Å"son† turn toing Jesus. Duffy uses repeat to underscore merely how bad work forces are at consciousness. this is done invariably by utilizing the word â€Å"maybe† and â€Å"or† as if Mary pulled these idea’s without much idea or encephalon power. therefore by utilizing insistent words like â€Å"maybe† and â€Å"or† Duffy obviously voices her sentiment that females are better at work forces if they are given the ability or in this instance the power to alter things in the universe or do a difference and at the same clip shows work forces in a discrediting visible radiation. Furthermore Duffy besides does this by making a list of the many different jobs Jesus could’ve gotten rid of when he was alive like â€Å"abscesses. acne. asthma† and â€Å"menopause. mice. mucous secretion. son† in other words disputing what Jesus did in his life and minimizing work forces in general. Duffy adopts petroleum and humourous subject to the verse form to show the incapableness of consciousness males have for case Duffy uses crude sarcasm to maximize the effectivity of her point with â€Å"the unicorn’s love† because this beautiful animate being is fabulous animate being and was created by worlds after Jesus left the universe compared to the â€Å"rats† â€Å"giraffes† which are really existent one time once more knocking males. The verse form Beautiful displays males a negative visible radiation throughout as media of work forces dismissed. the nearing power of adult females Either of those could be used as feminist propaganda. Whatever makes adult females look better and work forces look worse. The Virgins Memo A batch of females are warranting what they do as being a womens rightist. But they are NOT womens rightists. They’re merely dorks. Feminism now is covered in obscure generalizations and many efforts to acquire the message out are transforming into statements. and is interpreted otherwise to multiple people and many are contradictory that general understanding seems to be black. Feminine Gospels is a female feel good book that boosts feminine morale by doing males slightly inferior to females.

Analysis of Different Stories

Analysis of Different Stories Critical analysis of different literature is significant in understanding the plot, the main ideas, and the domain of these works. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the aspects of regionalism on line setting, national identity creation strategies, and character trait analysis in the books, â€Å"The Boat† by MacLeod, â€Å"Two Kinds† by Tan, and â€Å"Borders† by King.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Different Stories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regionalism and Setting In the stories â€Å"Two Kinds† and â€Å"The Boat†, the authors explore the significant aspects of setting such as location, circumstances, tone and time to expand on regionalism. For instance, in the story, â€Å"Two Kinds†, the author paints a picture of a conservative society setting in the milieu beyond the mere narration. The picture of America is of a nation th at is characterized by beliefs in possibility. This rationalization facilitates establishment of calculating motivation dominated purely by goal orientation with minimal interference from the values and traditions discussed across the book. Therefore, the paradigm shift from old mobility forms is replaced by stringent rules that form the plot. On the other hand, in the story, â€Å"The Boat†, the author uses the concept of the traditional cage to describe the inherent increase in social life rationalization in the conservative society of the main character. As noted by Macleod, this traditional cage ensnares people unwillingly in teleological effectiveness coordination, power and lucid calculations in their endeavor to forge a common identity. On the front of regionalism, the traditional cage is characterized by defining rules, disciplinary control, and recognition of outstanding social behavior. These aspects confirm the complex regionalism settings in these stories. Post Co lonialism development Strategies Post colonialism development consists of a hierarchical order of authority, efficiency, labor division which subsequently promotes collective commitment to the growth of a nation. For instance, Tan, in the story â€Å"Two Kinds† suggests the principles of rationale actively interchanged to efficiently meet targets and periodical goals in a developing country. Since post colonial countries have small number of controls in the activities and life of the majority, this strategy is likely to generate a balanced economic and political power. As a result of the aforementioned tendencies, Tan predicts an evolution of flexible, technically ordered, and humanized systems where man becomes a social being that is considerate about the well-being of his neighbors. On the other hand, in the story â€Å"The Boat†, MacLeod suggests coordinated domination which defines compliance from rational calculation to simple habitation. Depending on its form, do minance is intrinsic of an interest. MacLeod is categorical is asserting that dominance uses economic means and have economic objectives for the post colonial development goals. Same as in a typical organization, dominance is arranged in a hierarchical order with each segment of the management ladder entrusted with authority to make certain decisions and dominate others. However, the success of this type of dominance depends on its motive and calculated advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, in the story â€Å"Boarders†, King suggests that the facet of free repudiation is possible amidst the involuntary slave-master relationship during colonialism. Formal domination is described as that which is free of monopolistic exertion of economic power to contractual partners (Macleod 1988). Rather, this is affected by elements of ideal and effectu al supplementary interests in development goals. Interestingly, these authors opine that the authority is a legitimate domination form characterized by subordinates recognizing its legitimacy and respecting the hierarchal order in post colonial development intentions. However, legitimacy has little to do with right, natural justice, and rationality. Rather, the legitimacy of domination is determined by obedience, acceptance, and association with desirability amidst priorities. Characters’ Beliefs In the story â€Å"Two Kinds†, Mr. Chong’s obligation to loyalty is a personal decision that is accustomed by the traditions (Tan 1994). Chong’s charismatic authority functions on personal trust subordinates bestow in his outstanding qualities admired by the narrator despite being blind. Due to an extraordinary trait, subordinates obey this individual whom they believe has special command. Mr. Chong’s religious inclinations are influenced by spirits and de ities and often climax with pursuing personal interests rather the collective interest as indicated by the society. In the relationship between brotherliness and economic clandestine, Chong’s rational beliefs are inclined towards vocation and radical mystic anti-political attitude that has been internalized by religion as a form of redemption with cosmic brotherliness and benevolence. In fact, Chong’s behavior is a response to the tension between worldly life forces and religion as irrational social beliefs characterized by stereotyping, ecstasy techniques, and spontaneous play in belief spectrum. The narrator in the story â€Å"The Boat† holds the view that religion is only complete when practice rationally, independently, and with intellectual epochs. The narrator believes that the relationship between religion and art has created alliances which are sometimes misused by extremists to create unnecessary propaganda (King 2003). The narrator is a restless person with inner conviction to challenge traditions since mankind is given little room to question some of the traditional beliefs and hierarchy relationships. When a person understands his or her true identity and the factors monitoring his development as the narrator has, assimilation process would only lead to temporary alterations that will balance upon complete exposure to new ideas. The narrator is an independent, flexible, respectful, and an appreciative person unlike most of the members of that community whose lives are controlled by complex traditional beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Different Stories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References King, T. (2003). Borders. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Macleod, A. (1988). The Boat. New York: Formac Publishing Company. Tan, A. (1994). Two Kinds. Alabama: Paulinas.

Technolgy System Paper Essay Example

Technolgy System Paper Essay Example Technolgy System Paper Essay Technolgy System Paper Essay Essay Topic: Shane Technology System Paper Name: Institutional affiliation: Technology Systems Paper Introduction Technological innovation refers to the â€Å"use of knowledge to apply tools, materials process, and techniques to come up with new solutions to problems† (Shane, 2009). The Toyota Company is one of the world’s largest companies that have benefited greatly from technological innovation. The company invests heavily in technology systems and knowledge management to develop innovations that it uses on its products. This makes it one of the leading motor corporations in the world. The company’s decision to concentrate on technological innovations has given it a competitive edge over other companies. The company has invested in designing technology that continually improves the quality of its cars. It uses technology to ensure that its cars have less impact on the environment. It also uses technology to design better cars, with specific interest in safety and usage. Many people today are concerned with environmental conservation and preservation, and Toyota is no exception. The company has designed eco-friendly cars, which will ensure that they do not emit substances that will harm the environment. The company applied technological innovation to design a fuel cell vehicle, which uses hydrogen to generate electricity. The vehicle has been designed in such a way that it uses less energy, and it is environmentally friendly. The company has also developed an electric car. The car does not have any engine, and it produces no emissions. Although the car looks small on the outside, it has a large interior, and it can accommodate four people. Such innovations are not new to the company. The company has concentrated on satisfying the customers’ needs through using technology since it was first established in 1937 (Joo, 2010). Timeline of Development and Implementation In 1966, the first generation 1100cc Corolla was launched with features such as backup lights, and Macpherson strut suspension. Although these features are common today, they were not common during that time. Toyota led the way and other car companies soon developed the technology and included it in their cars. In 1983, the company developed the electronic modulated suspension. In 1997, Toyota launched the Prius, which was the first mass produced hybrid car. The Prius was one of the most eco-friendly and energy efficient cars, and it led other technological innovations in the company. In 2001, the company developed an electronically controlled brake (Tidd, Bessart, 2005). In 2003 developed an intelligent parking assistant, front and side-view monitor system and pre-crash safety. The development of the intelligence assistant was a major milestone for the company, and it ensured safety. In 2004, the company developed an adaptive cruise control with low speed following mode and in 2009 introduced the FT-EV, a battery electric vehicle Effect of Technology Systems on the Organization The evolution of technology systems has benefited companies greatly. It has created jobs and opportunities, and it has largely enhanced and improved companies operations (Tidd Bessart, 2005). Technology systems have given many businesses a competitive edge. On the other hand, they have also made some operations in businesses more complex. Management needs to invest more on information technology to ensure the smooth and efficient running of business in their organization (Kolawa, 2009). The technological field is one of the most diverse fields, and it is ever evolving. Different innovations come up at a higher rate than in other industries. Most of the newer products are usually better, more efficient, and of a higher quality, as competitors try to outdo each other, and gain a wider market. The evolution of technology systems has benefited businesses by enabling them to cut costs and promote growth; Technology systems have improved information technology management by creating better services and products. One of the most significant technological systems in organizations today is the internet. The internet has enabled organizations to integrate technology, people, communication and information (Axson, 2010). Technological systems have increased the opportunities in information technology. The systems are applied in areas such as marketing and distribution, and this has made work easier in these areas (Tidd Bessart, 2005). The systems have also increased and enhanced investment opportunities. Technological systems in the information technology management have enhanced communication, in the sense that they have made it easier for people to communicate within the organization. They have reduced the time it takes for messages to pass from one person to the other. They have enabled the reduction and elimination of errors. The systems have enhanced communication by eliminating misunderstanding that results from miscommunication, thereby improving quality. The systems have made information available to everyone. They have reduced the costs of obtaining services and products. The systems have changed the way people do their work. They have increased multitasking, and have enabled people to take on different roles and responsibilities in organizations. Some of the tasks were usually allocated to one person who had specialized in the specific area, but this is no longer the case. Because people can access information easily, they can are able to get more knowledge, and this enables them to undertake many tasks. The evolution of systems in information management has led to the creation of simpler systems, which do not require high mastery before one can undertake them (Olsen, Pederson, Hendricks, 2009). This means that organizations are able to reduce their operational and production costs. Technological systems have reduced costs related to information technology management. Systems such as cloud computing are revolutionizing the information technology industry. They are eliminating the need of expensive computer hardware by applying virtualization. This means that companies spend less money on installation, and maintenance. Moreover, they do not have to worry about buying the latest information management systems in the market (Ostermann, Iosup, Yigitbasi, Prodan, Fahringer, Epema, 2010). The evolution of technological systems means that organizations should keep on training their workers on how they can use the systems fully to their advantage. Many systems in the information technology sector are underutilized (Jasperson, Carter, Zmud, 2005). Technology systems have changed the way knowledge workers perform their duties. Knowledge workers such as programmers, analysts and researchers are able to perform their work in a better way than before. The evolution in technology systems has enhanced technology in the sense that knowledge workers are able to make technology work for them. Knowledge workers deal with non-routine work and they have to apply creative thinking. Knowledge workers spend a lot of time searching for information, analyzing different topics and problems and networking. They also organize, retrieve and track information. They create, share and manage knowledge and information within the organization and between different organizations (Reinhardt, Schmidt, Sloep, Drachsler, 2011). Knowledge worker roles include controller, linker, organizer, helper, networker, retriever, learner, tracker, sharer and solver. Conclusion Technological systems have eased the work performed by people by reducing the effort and time devoted in many processes. The systems have enabled the knowledge workers to perform their tasks and roles with relative ease. They have provided the necessary mechanisms for workers to perform their work. For instance, the workers have access to search engines, where they can obtain different information. The technological systems have evolved and the workers can use them in a more efficient way. Workers can filter out the information that is not needed, and this reduces errors. Technological systems have enabled knowledge workers to communicate and share knowledge in a better way. As they share this information, they network with each other and they gain more knowledge. They are therefore able to come up with better creative ideas. This enhances the competition between them. Competition benefits the organization and the clients by ensuring that the organizations and the clients get better services. The evolution of systems has enabled global knowledge workers to connect without limitations of culture and has enhanced diversity and equality in organizations (Nicolopoulou, Ozkan, Tatli, Taylor, 2011)

Plaisio Computers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Plaisio Computers - Research Paper Example In the United States, there is a growing trend for environmental responsibility at the corporate level, at such a level that it seems to be driving the activities of competing companies in how they approach their advertising strategies. Unlike the European markets, the United States companies in the technology sales and service support industry often use environmentalism and corporate support for improving a greener lifestyle as part of the heavy promotional investment. In fact, a large retailer in the US, Best Buy, has been offering free recycling services for customers as a means to lure them into their stores. This includes old desktops and old analog television sets, as two examples. Being the sales leader that Best Buy has become in this market, consumers who need to get rid of their old computer technologies, and have no idea how to go about it, are drawn to this strategy and it can serve as a significant strategic marketing advantage to improve sales with American consumers. Also in this environment, consumers are reconsidering the importance of extended service plans, those plans that offer continued benefits for making an electronics product purchase. Says a retail executive in this country, â€Å"You used to be able to fix a TV with a solder gun and transistors. That’s not the case anymore; it can be a $400 part† (Klosek, 2009, p.28). The extended service plan also provides companies with considerable profit opportunity, since it is a pay-now type of risk agreement where the retailer is able to measure actual cash balance in real-time by adding costs to the product sales receipt.  There are difficulties with this market entry strategy that should be identified, the most considerable is the high level of competition in the sales of electronics and similar devices all across this populated region.

The Difference Between Management And Leadership In School System Essay

The Difference Between Management And Leadership In School System - Essay Example This essay discusses leading for change in the education sector, and also the contribution that teacher leaders can make to school leadership. It examines the type of leadership required and highlights some important differences between management and leadership. Management concerns the process of dealing with, controlling and being responsible for all activities and operations of an organisation. It involves coordinating all members and resources belonging to the organisation according to their potential, and the attempt is to be as efficient and effective as possible. Usually, aims and objectives are defined, planning is undertaken, and the progress is monitored. There is therefore, a focus on structuring, In the UK school system, the managerial tasks in schools are mostly handled by the head teacher, although some may be delegated to deputy heads and/or subject co-ordinators. Leadership places a great emphasis on personal qualities and how leaders influence others. Leadership is n ecessary for organisations in general because without it, an organisation fails to have vision, direction, order and discipline, and consequently, the performance of individuals within the organisation varies and they are unable to exploit their full potential. There are several forms of leadership, which differ in their style although they all share the essential qualities of leadership. Transformational leadership is one very popular form of leadership. In this form, there is a greater attempt to bring about changes to achieve certain goals.

Primary narcissism Essay Example for Free

Primary narcissism Essay Narcissism is a character trait in which people tend to show more concern to self than other people around them. It can be either primary which is usually common in infants or secondary that is common in adults. This paper is going to look into the effects that the current generation narcissism has brought to the community and ways in which it can be controlled. Introduction Narcissism is a character attribute that is usually functional to a given social group that denotes lack of concern for other people. Although it has proved to be a biological necessity, care should be taken so that it doesn’t exceed the limits at which it may bring destruction to self and individuals around us. It is said to be a response to our inside states like fear and hunger and it proved to be important for homeostasis maintenance in the body. Modern day narcissism was accelerated by the chaos of 1960 that were politically motivated that made people to try to avoid the world around them by creating within themselves â€Å"small heavens†. Narcissism can be divided into two different categories: primary and secondary narcissism. Primary narcissism: This is usually inborn and is usually expressed by all infants. The infant usually lacks interest in the outside world basically because of the fact that it hasn’t familiarized it self with it. The mother is usually the only thing in its live and the care that she (the mother) gives plays a great role towards this effect. Contrary to primary narcissism, Secondary narcissism is pathological. It is usually an attempt to compensate for emptiness that comes along when love is not given back resulting to ostentation in an attempt to get rid of guilt with weakness (Campbell Foster, 2007). Primary narcissism results to completion together with the urge to overcome tasks. The fear of separation of the infant from the mother interferes with the course of getting used to the outside world and therefore the infant results to creating a world of its own. Narcissism is encouraged during infancy by parents by making infants chase after wild dreams through the notion that is instilled to them that it is impossible to fail. They give out their love together with support which results in some sense of false perfection. According to Brown and Nina (2008), patients who suffer from narcissism usually come from children whose mothers where more prominent in their care compared to their fathers who mostly you find were substituted by a male role model. When they become adults, they develop a desire for intimate relationships but unfortunately majority of them end up isolating themselves. Mostly victims are unable to differentiate between self and others because of the paradoxical desires that exist within them. Victims of narcissism may be successful in different aspects but the moment they fail to attain their goals, they become depressed and feel guilt. Because of the exaggerated pride in accomplishments, reasoning becomes unclear. This may result to angry reaction to criticism from victims or result to depression because of the threat to believe of perfection. Although narcissism may affect them negatively, it may inspire the victims to come out as strong leaders through the confidence it gives them even in situations of criticism from others which brings about faith from other followers. Although they seem chartable, their ultimate goal is self. They associate happiness to achievements together with products and not their contributions to humanity. Narcissism is common in children, but it can also be manifested in old adults especially those who care a lot about what the media says. The victims tend to live in their past and get depressed and become cynical (Campbell Foster, 2007) Ways in which society promote Narcissism. Various institutions in the modern day promote narcissism. An example is the 1960s politics that incited people to retreat to their own worlds which have turn out to be the source of narcissistic traits. Its energy is brought out through a voice that is applauded by people covering up its failures. Majority of its victim are men because many of them are known to get confused when it comes to desires where they may end up converting their desire for sex to greedy for political authority. This projection of individual feelings to society is manifested in political debates (Hesse, 2005). There is also great contribution to narcissism by the media through expression of unrealistic hopes through propagandas in commercialization. The media has promoted equality of roles among women, men and children claiming that they all should be entitled to equal amounts and value of commodities just like the father. This has given rise to a new social individual. It has influenced parents to tolerate their children to avoid messing up. They have resulted to befriending their children by acquiring youthful looks and approaches. This makes children to acquire delusions of self-sufficiency and grandiosity making them more vulnerable to superficial media. Media has not only affected kids but it has also had an effect on the general population in that it has taken away believe of self-sufficiency and influence to change the world. It has made people to picture themselves as insignificant parts of a machine and that they are unable to run themselves (Twinges Campbell, 2009). According to Ronningstam (2005), narcissism has affected the society in all aspects. Decisions have been made to be logical resulting in equilibrium between the losers and winners causing an overall narcissistic effect. Violence together with cynicism which has become part of our world has also contributed to narcissism development. Immorality that has become obvious in the society and suspicion about what the future holds for us has made people to retire back to selves and become heartless to the world around them. This is seen to be a way of defense in which through which we could avoid situations that could make us despair. People are ready to overlook the outside world because of the horrors and violence that comes with it and impose on themselves a self-image and return to â€Å"selves†. It involves shifting from a realistic world to one that distorts reality to different thoughts and plans. Through turning away from reality, more isolation is brought about. Although people may seem social, neither desire nor emotional ability to socialize genuinely is left. Bonds that existed previously between friends begin to break leaving future generations’ fate at risk of getting away without care and recognition. Narcissism can also occur in groups and mostly religious ones. Small cults can be equated to a family where by they try to provide a second opportunity to its members to develop emotionally. The relationship between their leader and its members can be equated to parent child affection where by a complete submission in exchange of protection and care is a necessity. In this case, only pure positive reinforcement is provided. Followers become connected to an individual similar to a parent but from whom come no disappointment. The same is seen in other major religion (Ronningstam, 2005). Because of the effects it has been known to bring about, it is important that necessary steps are taken to ensure that it is avoided. This can be achieved through creation of transitional objects that could guarantee an individual oneness with independence from both the mother and nature at large. Family together with group rehabilitation can be encouraged as they give people a chance to interact with others at the same time exposing the internal self to the outside world (Lachkar, 2008). References Brown, Nina W. (2008) Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grown-ups Guide to Getting over Narcissistic Parents, New Harbinger Publications, U. S. Campbell, K. W. Foster J. D. (2007). The Narcissistic Self: Background, an Extended Agency Model, and Ongoing Controversies. To appear in: C. Sedikides S. Spencer (Eds. ), Frontiers in social psychology: The self. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Campbell, W. K. , Foster, J. D. (2007) The Narcissistic Self: Background and extended agency model and ongoing controversies. Sedikides and Spencer. Psychology Press, London. Hesse, Morten; Schliewe S, Thomsen RR (2005). Rating of personality disorder features in popular movie characters†. BMC Psychiatry (London: BioMed Central) 5 (45): 45. Ronningstam, Elsa F. (2005) Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality, oxford university press, New York. Lachkar, Joan (2008): How to Talk to a Narcissist, Taylor Francis Group, New York. Twenge, Jean M. Campbell, W. Keith (2009). The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement, free press, Glencoe, Illinois.

Free College Essays - The Greatest Sinner in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scarlet Letter - Chillingworth and the Greatest Sin When asked to describe Roger Chillingworth, peers say he was an upstanding, respectful, concerned citizen. They would have been right, but he didn’t let anyone know just how much he cared. With the loss of Hester, he became filled with anger and jealousy and eventually let his emotions overtake him. At the close of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the malevolent state of Roger Chillingworth’s heart made him the guiltiest. Throughout the entire novel, every character except for Roger Chillingworth learned to forgive and cleared his or her heart of guilt. When the reverend showed his concern for the doctor just before his death he said, â€Å"may God forgive thee. Thou hast deeply sinned† (251). For example, Dimmesdale used some of his last words to forgive the doctor of his wrongdoing. Even though Chillingworth tortured and haunted him until the very end of his life, the reverend had strong enough character to want God to show mercy on the evildoer’s soul. Moreover, Dimmesdale was able to forgive Hester when he told her, â€Å"I do forgive you Hester† (191). Because of his high position of authority, Dimmesdale set high standards for his life, and that reflected in the way he handled personal relationships. Also, if Chillingworth had been more understanding towards Hester’s problem, he had a better chance at winning her love back. Finally, both Hester and her lover admitted their sin on the scaffold and sought forgiveness for their transgressions while Chillingworth never could admit he sinned. Secondly, Chillingworth’s actions were motivated by hate and a lust for revenge that overpowered him in the end. Therefore an awful change must have taken place in the doctor since â€Å"human nature loves more readily than it hates† (156). The actions of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth were all motivated by a deep passion for one thing or another. However, the difference in their actions was that the adulteress and the minister acted out of love for each other while her husband acted out of anger and jealousy. Also, the physician underwent such a change that â€Å"there came a glare of red light out of his eyes; as if the old man’s soul were on fire, and kept smoldering duskily within his breast† (166). Eventually Chillingworth’s heart became so twisted and contorted that there were very noticeable differences in his personality.

ESL Education Essay

Facilitating education and learning of English language in developing countries has been a challenge for ESL teachers through the years. The capability of these countries to continually adapt to the globalizing economy has been gradually increasing and this also applies in learning the English language. Thus, the challenge for ESL instructors is to create and improve on mechanisms that will enhance a better facilitation of English language education among students in the developing countries. Continuous development of ESL programs has been prevalent in the recent years. Also, there is an increased diversity of participants who seek to learn English. Instructors of the language on the other hand have been welcoming these changes. â€Å"English language arts teachers are especially open to embracing the richness this diversity brings to their classrooms, yet many feel ill-prepared to teach students for whom English is a second, third or possibly fourth language. † (Young, 1996, p. 17) However, the proliferation of students who are studying ESL does not evenly match instructors who facilitate their education. This situation paves the way for ESL students taking part in an English classroom that is handled by non-trained ESL instructors which greatly affects and undermines the development and learning process of students. â€Å"Despite the increase in the number of trained ESL specialists over the past 10 years or so, it is no secret that vast numbers of limited English proficient (LEP) students still spend either all or large portions of their academic life with regular or content classroom teachers. (Penfield, 1987, p. 21) Another important issue in ESL education is the facilitation and processes involved in teaching. â€Å"Issues surrounding ESL education focus on determining the ‘best’ approach to help non-native speakers of English gain appropriate academic skills. † (Young, 1996, p. 17) In addition, there have been increased outputs of literature pertaining to enhancing ESL education in schools. One issue that is addressed in studies are listening and speaking ca pabilities of ESL students. However there had been discrepancies with application of these methods on the other hand for ESL instructors. â€Å"Though these studies have been helpful to EAP teachers, few have looked beyond reading and writing skills to what college/university professors actually require with regards to academic listening and speaking skills and which of these tasks are most problematic for ESL students in a tertiary institution. (Ferris & Tag, 1996, p. 298) Thus, efficient communication, enforcement of strategies, and stabilizing the curriculum are the possible options that institutions can make in addressing these needs. The next section looks into possible strategies that can be implemented to facilitate the challenges ESL teachers face in teaching English among non-native speakers. One possible solution is creating a monitoring criterion for ESL students. This would entail ESL educators of continuously creating necessary measures and dynamics to enhance learning for their students. â€Å"During formal and informal meetings these teachers continually discuss inherent shortcomings of the procedures used in assessing their students, share their shortcomings of the procedures used in assessing their students. † (Ernst, 1994, p. 323) With this, ESL students are assured that their individual performance are assessed and evaluated to further help them in acquiring and learning the language. Also, ESL teachers must develop both listening and communication strategies with students to facilitate the learning process and develop efficient mechanisms of education. â€Å"Somehow we need to help them bridge the gap between the safe interactions they experience in ESL classes and the activities they find more challenging and threatening in content classes. † (Ferris & Tag, 1996, p. 312) Creating listening strategies can also make ESL students feel comfortable and secure that their interests are seen and provides them the avenue to express what they really want. ESL teachers should simulate free-form classroom lecture discussions for their students and analyze videotaped classroom interactions with their students so that ESL students can be better prepared for the realities. † (Ferris & Tag, 1996, p. 312) Another possible alternative is the creation of â€Å"ESL Task Group†. â€Å"This group should consist of representatives of the total school community, be small enough for efficient operation, and be chaired by most competent person available. † (Levenson, 1969, p. 1) With the creation of this, the group must follow the necessary phases that includes (1) gathering information, (2) observation and evaluation, (3) surveying and (4) constant communication with important groups and organizations. Another issue that can be addressed is the issue of writing among ESL students. ESL teachers must be keen to adapt and understand the dilemma these students have in the correct and proper way of writing. â€Å"ESL writers should neither be treated as completely different from native speakers nor as completely the same, that a middle ground is desirable. (Chan, 1988, pp. 84-85) In addition, ESL writers must not be discriminated of expressing their intentions and ideas in class. â€Å"Like native speakers of English, ESL writers can and should be encouraged to write as a means of discovering what they think and know and as a means of commu nicating their sides. † (Chan, 1988, p. 85) Lastly, adequate and continuous training must be given to future and current ESL instructors. Recognizing that each one is vital for the success of the program, constant awareness must be made regarding this issue. The most obvious pedagogical solution to students’ dilemma is to train professors to respond clearly and effectively to students’ informal questions and comments. † (Ferris & Tragg, 1996, p. 312) In addition, there needs to be a collaborative effort between non-ESL teachers and ESL instructors since they both have the same objective – educate. â€Å"Collaboration with other teachers who are ‘becoming’ mainstreamed ESL teachers serves as another important avenue for support. â€Å"(Young, 1996, p. 19) By being dynamic, issues regarding ESL facilitation can be eased and create learning.

Fight Club Essay

In the movie â€Å"Fight Club† is about the narrator, Jack’s, fantasy of an alternate reality, his personal shadow. Tyler Durden represents Jack’s unconscious collective shadow. Jack, the protagonist, has a meaningless, boring and empty life, and suffers from insomnia. Jack tries to lend color to his insignificant life by purchasing new commodities like his furniture which are the fetish items of the narrator and they provide him with more meaningful existence. Jack has a dull life and he could not find any time for his hobbies due to his busy business life. He has no girlfriend or even a close friend. He does nothing to have fun and he suppresses all his instincts for pleasure in his unconscious. Although he is not happy about his life, every morning he wakes up, goes to work and travels frequently. He suffers from insomnia because he is suppressing his shadow. Later, he finds the idea of participating in cancer and disease support groups. Jack lacks the courage to confront his shadow. Instead, Jack indentifies with her persona, the role the world expects him to play. As the movie progresses Jack gradually begins to become aware of his shadow, and how it motivates his behavior. It is only by doing so that he begins the process of self-realization. One criticism that will be made is that the movie depicts a superficial and incomplete process of self-realization. â€Å"Jung considers the confrontation with the shadow, with one’s own evil, to be of the great psychological value. Understanding something about one’s shadow side is the beginning of self-knowledge. Without the realization of the shadow all real further psychological progress is blocked† (34). As I mentioned before, Tyler Durden is the collective unconscious side of Jack. In other words, Tyler represents the shadow of the narrator in â€Å"political confrontation†. Jack projects onto Tyler, the enemy side, which we view as hopelessly corrupt, sadistic, vindictive, and inhuman. â€Å"The collective shadow, viewed as a component of the collective unconscious, is the archetype of collective evil and can be represented by such archetypal images as the Devil, the Enemy, the Bad Guys, and the Evil Empire† (33-4). Tyler slowly begins to take control away from the narrator. The narrator gets pleasure from Tyler’s crazy, uncontrolled behaviors because Tyler does the things that the narrator imagines doing unconsciously, but was unable to do because of ociety pressure, which encouraged repressing his desires. Jung states, â€Å"Your shadow, the imperfect being in you that follows after and does everything which you are loath to do, all the things you are too cowardly or too decent to do† (35). The narrator gets pleasure from these anarchistic behaviors. Tyler also destroys the narrator’s house in order to prevent him from continuing his virtual life. Then, Tyler initiates a reaction like Jung’s shadow conception, full of violence and sexuality. He manifests his violence and forms an underground boxing club called Fight Club. Hopeless people like Bob who has testicular cancer and many other people who are not happy about their lives, which are full of suppressed emotions and societal pressures, join Fight Club. Tyler also satisfies his sexual instincts with Marla whereas the narrator fails to do so. Tyler becomes a cult hero and he even manages to get paid without ever going to work because of the shadow’s charisma, self-confidence and revolutionary aspect. However, after a while we start to realize the negative effects of the shadow. The shadow, Tyler Durden, takes control completely and he gets out of balance. Fight Club becomes an anarchistic group and Tyler prepares a big plan (Project Mayhem) for destroying all the banks, financial sector buildings. Tyler is thus transformed into a public enemy who wants to destroy the capitalist system. In the movie, Tyler says, â€Å"It is only when you have lost everything, you are free to do anything†. He wants to live in a primitive society in which everyone has nothing and everyone is equal. This feeling comes to his mind because of the influence of the shadow archetype. As Jung mentioned, archetypes are characteristics that reflect our primitive nature. Tyler rants, â€Å"You are not your job, you are not your money in your bank account†. The shadow becomes very destructive, violent and dangerous as Tyler clearly becomes a monster who threatens society. Tyler sees society and the capitalist system as his enemies. Tyler shows us exactly all the aspects of Jung’s shadow concept: violence, sexuality, self-confidence, charisma, courage, madness and a lack of balance. What makes Tyler so strong is the narrator’s error in repressing his shadow for such a long time. After a period, the narrator understands that his conscious mind was taken over for a while and he begins to fight Tyler. He gets rid of Tyler in the last scene by shooting himself and thus by metaphorically reducing the influence of the shadow, Tyler in his mind. The narrator thus achieves a new psychical balance and gets rid of his shadow Tyler Durden. Jung explains, â€Å"Consequently, the murder of the hero represents the need for change, for a ‘revaluation of earlier values,’ at midlife. The shadow figures of savage and dwarf represents the murderous energy as well as the insight, the shadow wisdom, needed to kill the hero and to transcend a youthful heroic attitude toward life†.

All-purpose Corpus

All-purpose Corpus All-purpose Corpus All-purpose Corpus By Maeve Maddox Corpus is just one of thousands of everyday Latin words that have not only outlived their original speakers, but have replicated in English like amoebas. Latin corpus means â€Å"body.† It entered Old French as cors and passed from there into Middle English. From then on the spelling and pronunciation fluctuated until the various spellings and pronunciations took on meanings other than just plain â€Å"body.† Corpus and its plural corpora proliferate in medical terminology, giving such labels as corpus callosum and corpora striata, which name structures in the brain. Apart from learned uses, the word corpus has spawned several words that everyone is familiar with and a few that occur in literature. I’m going to look at seven of these words. 1. corpus [kohr-puhs] First there’s the word corpus itself. Although no longer used to refer to a living body, corpus still means â€Å"body† in a figurative sense. A corpus is a body of literature, a body of information, or an author’s body of works. In this sense, corpus means â€Å"collection.† There’s a subcategory of linguistics called corpus linguistics that gathers and studies collections of speech and text gathered from non-literary, non-academic sources. An example of the linguistic corpora studied is the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), an online collection of 450 million words gathered from U.S. sources, 1990-2012. 2. corpse [kohrps] Once the word for a living body, the noun corpse now means only a dead one. When it comes to choosing words for their emotional effect on the reader, corpse is probably one of the creepiest words in English. 3. corporation [kohr-puh-rey-shuhn] In 1534 a corporation was â€Å"a number of persons united, or regarded as united, in one body.† In 1611 a corporation was â€Å"a body of people legally authorized to act as a single person.† Eighteenth-century jokers called their abdomens â€Å"corporations.† I love this OED citation from Thomas Smolett (1721-1771): â€Å"Sirrah! my corporation is made up of good wholesome English fat.† In modern U.S. law, a corporation is an organization formed with state governmental approval to act as an artificial person to carry on business (or other activities), which can sue or be sued, and (unless it is non-profit) can issue shares of stock to raise funds with which to start a business or increase its capital. 4. corps [kohr] This incarnation of Latin corpus came into English a second time, again from French, this time in the expression corps d’armà ©e, literally â€Å"body of the army.† The term reflected a new way of using the army by breaking it down into smaller, more mobile tactical units. Such a unit was a corps. The word came to mean any body or company of persons associated in a common organization. In the current U.S. Army, a corps is a large unit made up of from two to five divisions. A division is made up of from 10,000 to 18,000 soldiers. Corps is also used in the name of one of the branches of the U.S. military, the Marine Corps, and government employees who serve abroad in U.S. embassies are members of the â€Å"diplomatic corps.† Corps is a popular name choice for civilian organizations that wish to suggest that their work and purpose have a military-like focus: Job Corps, Peace Corps, Mom Corps. The expression esprit de corps is used to describe the sense of enthusiasm, loyalty and devotion to a group that characterizes an organization like the Marine Corps. 5. corpulent [kohr-pyuh-luhnt] The adjective corpulent means â€Å"large, bulky, fleshy, fat.† A corpulent person has a lot of body. 6. corporeal [kohr-pohr-ee-uhl] The adjective corporeal is used to describe anything that has substance. A living person is said to be corporeal; a ghost is incorporeal. There’s a legal term, incorporeal rights, that refers to property that cannot be seen or touched, but may be owned and inherited, like copyrights, trademarks, and patents. 7. corpuscle [kohr-puh-suhl] The noun corpuscle is probably most familiar in the context of biology class. Corpuscles: Minute rounded or discoidal bodies constituting a large part of the blood.† The word comes from Latin corpusculum, â€Å"little body.† In English it can also mean â€Å"any minute body (usually of microscopic size), forming a more or less distinct part of the organism.† 8. corposant [kohr-puh-sant] This one isn’t so familiar an offspring of corpus, but it’s interesting so I’m including it. You may have heard of something called St. Elmo’s Fire. It’s a light-producing weather phenomenon. In the days of sailing vessels, sailors often saw the light playing eerily about the masts. The common name derives from the patron saint of sailors. The other name, corposant combines Latin corpus sanctum, â€Å"holy body† or â€Å"saint’s body.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowItalicizing Foreign Words10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

The Origins of the Roman Festival Lupercalia

The Origins of the Roman Festival Lupercalia Lupercalia is one of the most ancient of the Roman holidays (one of the feriae listed on ancient calendars from even before the time Julius Caesar reformed the calendar). It is familiar to us today for two main reasons: It is associated with Valentines Day.It is the setting for Caesars refusal of the crown that was made immortal by Shakespeare, in his ​Julius Caesar. This is important in two ways: the association of Julius Caesar and the Lupercalia gives us some insight into the final months of Caesars life as well as a look at the Roman holiday. The name of the Lupercalia was talked about a lot in the wake of the 2007 discovery of the legendary Lupercal cave  - where, supposedly, the twins Romulus and Remus were suckled by a she-wolf. The Lupercalia may be the longest-lasting of the Roman pagan festivals. Some modern Christian festivals, like Christmas and Easter, took on elements of earlier pagan religions, but they are not essentially Roman, pagan holidays. Lupercalia may have started at the time of the founding of Rome (traditionally 753 B.C.) or even before. It ended about 1200 years later, at the end of the 5th century A.D., at least in the West, although it continued in the East for another few centuries. There may be many reasons why Lupercalia lasted so long, but most important must have been its wide appeal. Why Is Lupercalia Associated With Valentine's Day? If all you know about Lupercalia is that it was the background for Mark Antony to offer the crown to Caesar 3 times in Act I of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, you probably wouldnt guess that Lupercalia was associated with Valentines Day. Other than Lupercalia, the big calendar event in Shakespeares tragedy is the Ides of March, March 15. Although scholars have argued that Shakespeare did not intend to portray Lupercalia as the day before the assassination, it sure sounds that way. Cicero points to the danger to the Republic that Caesar presented on this Lupercalia, according to J.A. North- a danger the assassins addressed on that Ides. It was also, to quote Cicero (Philippic I3): that day on which, sodden with wine, smothered with perfumes and naked (Antony) dared to urge the groaning people of Rome into slavery by offering Caesar the diadem that symbolized the kingship.Caesar at the Lupercalia, by J. A. North; The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 98 (2008), pp. 144-160 Chronologically, Lupercalia was a full month before the Ides of March. Lupercalia was February 15 or February 13-15, a period either proximate to or covering modern Valentines Day. History of Lupercalia Lupercalia conventionally starts with the founding of Rome (traditionally, 753 B.C.), but may be a more ancient import, coming from Greek Arcadia and honoring Lycaean  Pan, the Roman  Inuus  or Faunus. [Lycaean is a word connected with the Greek for wolf as seen in the term lycanthropy for werewolf.] Agnes Kirsopp Michaels says Lupercalia only goes back to the 5th century B.C. Tradition has the legendary twin brothers Romulus and Remus establishing the Lupercalia with 2  gentes, one for each brother. Each  gens  contributed members to the priestly college that performed the ceremonies, with Jupiters priest, the  flamen  dialis, in charge, from at least the time of  Augustus. The priestly college was called the  Sodales Luperci  and the priests were known as  Luperci. The original 2  gentes  were the Fabii, on behalf of Remus, and the Quinctilii, for Romulus. Anecdotally, the Fabii were almost annihilated, in 479. at  Cremera  (Veientine  Wars) and the most famous member of the Quinctilii has the distinction of being the Roman leader at the disastrous battle at  Teutoberg Forest  (Varus and the Disaster at Teutoberg Wald). Later, Julius Caesar made a short-lived addition to the  gentes  who could serve as Luperci, the Julii. When Mark Antony ran as a Luperci in 44 B.C., it was the first time the Luperci Juliani had appeared at the Lupercalia and Antony was their leader. By September of the same year, Antony was complaining that the new group had been disbanded [J. A. North and Neil McLynn]. Although originally the Luperci had to be aristocrats, the  Sodales Luperci  came to include equestrians, and then, the lower classes. Etymologically, Luperci, Lupercalia, and Lupercal all relate to the Latin for wolf  lupus, as do various Latin words connected with brothels. The Latin for she-wolf was slang for prostitute. The legends say that Romulus and Remus were nursed by a she-wolf in the Lupercal. Servius, a  4th-century  pagan commentator on  Vergil, says that it was in the Lupercal that  Mars  ravished and impregnated the twins mother. (Servius  ad. Aen. 1.273) The Performance The cavorting  Sodales Luperci  performed an annual purification of the city in the month for purification February. Since early in Roman history March was the start of the New Year, the period of February was a time to get rid of the old and prepare for the new. There were two stages to the events of the Lupercalia: The first was at the site where the twins Romulus and Remus were said to have been found being suckled by the she-wolf. This is the Lupercal. There, priests sacrificed a goat and a dog whose blood they smeared on the foreheads of the young men who would soon go prancing naked around the Palatine (or sacred way) aka the Luperci. The hide of the sacrificial animals was cut into strips for use as lashes by the Luperci after the necessary feasts and drinking.Following the feast, the second stage began, with the Luperci running around naked, joking, and hitting women with their goatskin thongs. Naked or scantily-clad festival celebrants, the Luperci probably ran about the area of the  Palatine  settlement. Cicero [Phil. 2.34, 43; 3.5; 13.15] is indignant at a  nudus,  unctus,  ebrius  naked, oiled, drunk Antony serving as Lupercus. We dont know why the Luperci were naked.  Plutarch  says it was for speed. While running, the Luperci struck those men or women they encountered with goatskin thongs (or perhaps a  lagobolon  throwing stick in the early years) following the opening event: a sacrifice of goat or goat and dog. If the Luperci, in their run, circled the Palatine Hill, it would have been impossible for Caesar, who was at the rostra, to have witnessed the entire proceedings from one spot. He could, however, have seen the climax. The naked Luperci started at the Lupercal, ran (wherever they ran, Palatine Hill or elsewhere), and ended at the Comitium. The running of the Luperci was a spectacle. Wiseman says  Varro  called the Luperci actors (ludii). The first stone theater in Rome was to have overlooked the Lupercal. There is even a reference in Lactantius to the Luperci wearing dramatic masks. Speculation abounds as to the reason for the striking with the thongs or  lagobola. Perhaps the Luperci struck men and women to sever any deadly influence they were under, as Michaels suggests. That they might be under such an influence has to do with the fact that one of the festivals to honor the dead, the Parentalia, occurred at about the same time. If the act was to ensure fertility, it could be that the striking of the women was to represent penetration. Wiseman says that obviously, the husbands wouldnt have wanted the Luperci actually copulating with their wives, but symbolic penetration, broken skin, made by a piece of a fertility symbol (goat), could be effective. Striking women is thought to have been a fertility measure, but there was also a decided sexual component. The women may have bared their backs to the thongs from the festivals inception. According to Wiseman (citing Suet. Aug.), after 276 B.C., young married women (matronae) were encouraged to bare their bodies. Augustus ruled out beardless young men from serving as Luperci because of their irresistibility, even though they were probably no longer naked. Some classical writers refer to the Luperci as wearing goatskin loincloths by the 1st century B.C. Goats and the Lupercalia Goats are symbols of sexuality and fertility.  Amaltheas goat horn brimming with milk became the  cornucopia. One of the most lascivious of the gods was Pan/Faunus, represented as having horns and a caprine bottom half. Ovid (through whom we are chiefly familiar with the events of the Lupercalia) names him as the god of the Lupercalia. Before the run, the Luperci priests performed their sacrifices of goats or goats and dog, which Plutarch calls the enemy of the wolf. This leads to another of the problems scholars discuss, the fact that the  flamen  dialis  was present at the Lupercalia (Ovid  Fasti  2. 267-452) in the time of Augustus. This priest of Jupiter was forbidden to touch a dog or goat and may have been forbidden even to look at a dog. Holleman suggests that Augustus added the presence of the  flamen  dialis  to a ceremony at which he had earlier been absent. Another Augustan innovation may have been the goatskin on previously naked Luperci, which would h ave been part of an attempt to make the ceremony decent. Flagellation By the second century A.D. some of the elements of sexuality had been removed from the Lupercalia. Fully dressed matrons stretched out their hands to be whipped. Later, the representations show women humiliated by flagellation at the hands of men fully dressed and no longer running about. Self-flagellation was part of the rites of Cybele on the day of blood  dies  sanguinis  (March 16). Roman flagellation could be fatal. Horace (Sat., I, iii) writes about  horribile  flagellum, but the whip so used may have been a rougher sort. Scourging became a common practice in the monastic communities. It would seem likely, and we think Wiseman agrees (p. 17), that with the early churchs attitudes towards women and mortification of the flesh, Lupercalia fit right in despite its association with a pagan deity. In The God of the Lupercalia, T. P. Wiseman suggests a variety of related gods may have been the god of the Lupercalia. As mentioned above, Ovid counted Faunus as the god of the Lupercalia. For Livy, it was  Inuus. Other possibilities include Mars, Juno, Pan, Lupercus, Lycaeus, Bacchus, and Februus. The god itself was less important than the festival. The End of the Lupercalia Sacrifice, which was a part of  Roman  ritual, had been prohibited since A.D. 341, but the Lupercalia survived beyond this date. Generally, the end of the Lupercalia festival is attributed to  Pope Gelasius  (494-496). Wiseman believes it was another late  5th century  pope,  Felix III. The ritual had become important to the civic life of Rome and was believed to help prevent pestilence, but as the pope charged, it was no longer being performed in the proper manner. Instead of the noble families running around naked (or in a loincloth), riffraff was running around clothed. The pope also mentioned that it was more a fertility festival than a purification rite and there was pestilence even when the ritual was performed. The popes lengthy document seems to have put an end to the celebration of Lupercalia in Rome, but in  Constantinople, again, according to Wiseman, the festival continued to the tenth century. Sources Caesar at the Lupercalia, by J. A. North;  The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 98 (2008), pp. 144-160.An Enigmatic Function of the Flamen Dialis (Ovid, Fast., 2.282) and the Augustan Reform, by A. W. J. Holleman.  Numen, Vol. 20, Fasc. 3. (Dec.,  1973), pp. 222-228.The God of the Lupercal, by T. P. Wiseman.  The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 85. (1995), pp. 1-22.Postscript to the Lupercalia: From Caesar to Andromachus, by J. A. North and Neil McLynn;  The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 98 (2008), pp. 176-181.Some Notes on the Lupercalia, by E. Sachs.  The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 84, No. 3. (Jul.,  1963), pp. 266-279.The Topography and Interpretation of the Lupercalia, by Agnes Kirsopp Michels.  Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 84. (1953), pp. 35-59.The Lupercalia in the Fifth Century, by William M. Green.  Classical Philology, Vol. 26, No. 1. (Jan.,  1931), pp. 60-69.